Once it is admittted that management priniciples are relative and not absoulte and that thier application in a particular context will depend on the absoulte and that hthier application in a particular contaxt will depend on the socio cultural and economic factors it seems a little presumptions to talk of iniversality of management principles can be univerally of management principles yet it seems a little presumptions to talk of university applied and whether management knowlwdge may be transfeereed as between individuals and organisations having different socio- economic and cultural back grounds.
Management is a process of planning organising sttaffing directing and controlling irresspective of the type of an organisation whether social religious politicaal or business and the socio economic and cultural background which it may work the management process will be the same because then alone it can integrate the diverse resources at its disposal to achueve its stated goals.
Friday, July 3, 2009
Business Centralisation:
According to the question of centralisation or decentralisation is a simple question of proption a matter of ifnding the optitum degree for a particuler concern in his view everything that oncreases the improvent of the perfornmance of the subordinates role is decentralisation and that which reduces it si centralisation.
The degree of centralisation will be different in each case small firms for example are likely to have absoulte centralisation because in thier case the manageers orders are directely trnsmitted to subordinates in this case of a large firm however the managers orders have to pass through a number of intermediaries to reach the subordinates.
To what extent a manager can centralise authorit in his hands will depend on his intelligence experience and decision making ability. If the manager does possess these qualities he would centralise all decision making in his hands such that his asssistans would be reduced to a position where they have little else to do except to carry out his orders in case he lacks these qualities he will largely depend on his collegues and confine himself to giving general directions only.
The degree of centralisation will be different in each case small firms for example are likely to have absoulte centralisation because in thier case the manageers orders are directely trnsmitted to subordinates in this case of a large firm however the managers orders have to pass through a number of intermediaries to reach the subordinates.
To what extent a manager can centralise authorit in his hands will depend on his intelligence experience and decision making ability. If the manager does possess these qualities he would centralise all decision making in his hands such that his asssistans would be reduced to a position where they have little else to do except to carry out his orders in case he lacks these qualities he will largely depend on his collegues and confine himself to giving general directions only.
Business nature as relativity:
Management principles are relative not absoulte absouilteness is a charestersitic only to be defined in the caase of natural science principles the meterological law that clouds mean rain will hold good throughout the planet without exception the could is subject to natural forces and has no choice to defy the law whether by accident or by design however efficacy of a management principle will depend on the kind of people and organisation with reference to whom it is to applied.
Individuals differ from one another in several ascepts their perception attitudes beliefs cuctoms learning motivations personality are determined by thier socio cultural environment each indiviual behaves in accordance with his own theory and understanding of how the world works. he has his own ideas about what behaivour is approiate in particular situations and what is not thus while financial rewards may motivate some people to work more they may fail to produce any such effect on others like indiviuals organisations also differ from one anthotr there are differences of size nature of activities tachology employed external evironment and so on.
Individuals differ from one another in several ascepts their perception attitudes beliefs cuctoms learning motivations personality are determined by thier socio cultural environment each indiviual behaves in accordance with his own theory and understanding of how the world works. he has his own ideas about what behaivour is approiate in particular situations and what is not thus while financial rewards may motivate some people to work more they may fail to produce any such effect on others like indiviuals organisations also differ from one anthotr there are differences of size nature of activities tachology employed external evironment and so on.
Efficient running of organisation
Efficiency of an organisation will depend on how far its management has been successful in providing leadership to the subordinate workers and involving them mentallly and emotinally in the accomplishment of organisational objectives.
Leadership is a function quite diferent from other managerial function it means influcencing others to seek the stated objectives enthusiastically
management provides leadership by explaning the purpose behind organisational goals and thier neccassity by being specific as regards organisation goals by making the attainment of goals a challenging task and providing feedback to subordinate.
Management also seeks to involve the subordinates mentally and emotionnaly in the accomplishment of organisational goals it seeks to involve the worker self rather than just skill the result is that the workers becomeown resources of initiative and creativity towards the organisational objectives moreever it encourages them to accept responsilibity in thier groups activity the result is a mainfold improvement un quakity inccrease in productivity and aducation in wastage.
Leadership is a function quite diferent from other managerial function it means influcencing others to seek the stated objectives enthusiastically
management provides leadership by explaning the purpose behind organisational goals and thier neccassity by being specific as regards organisation goals by making the attainment of goals a challenging task and providing feedback to subordinate.
Management also seeks to involve the subordinates mentally and emotionnaly in the accomplishment of organisational goals it seeks to involve the worker self rather than just skill the result is that the workers becomeown resources of initiative and creativity towards the organisational objectives moreever it encourages them to accept responsilibity in thier groups activity the result is a mainfold improvement un quakity inccrease in productivity and aducation in wastage.
Business nature of dynamic:
The princples of manaement are not static they have been subjected to change with changes in socio cultural and economic factors in this respect they are different from the principles governing physical sciences in physics example a basic philosophy is that elements of nature are uniform thus the of gravity will operate uniformally at all times and under all situations or an aatom of hydrogen will be identical at alll places.
However in an evolving body of knowledge such as management there is nothing permanent and there are many tentative conclusions and proposition in this case of management the only thing that is permanent is change itself because it is concerned with dynamic and complex variables such as indiviuals organisation development in science and technology government and so on in the past managers were only concerned with the technical aspect of thier job wholly ignorning the conceptual and human aspects the simplistic assumptions made by them were that employees were basicallly lazy that they were only interested in money and that if they were given suitable monetary rewarded and good working conditions thier morale would be high and as such productivity would increase for quite some time this economic security cum working conditions approach enjoyed acceptability among managers and it was also supported by human relations experts and industrial osycologists.
To conclude management is concerned with questions which other disciplines are not to be effictive it has to keep itself abreast of the environment achanges occurring both inside and outside the organisation.
However in an evolving body of knowledge such as management there is nothing permanent and there are many tentative conclusions and proposition in this case of management the only thing that is permanent is change itself because it is concerned with dynamic and complex variables such as indiviuals organisation development in science and technology government and so on in the past managers were only concerned with the technical aspect of thier job wholly ignorning the conceptual and human aspects the simplistic assumptions made by them were that employees were basicallly lazy that they were only interested in money and that if they were given suitable monetary rewarded and good working conditions thier morale would be high and as such productivity would increase for quite some time this economic security cum working conditions approach enjoyed acceptability among managers and it was also supported by human relations experts and industrial osycologists.
To conclude management is concerned with questions which other disciplines are not to be effictive it has to keep itself abreast of the environment achanges occurring both inside and outside the organisation.
Business as a system authority:
Management is concerned with performance in the pursuit of organisational objectives.The performance of the organisation as a whole will determine its survival in society the performance of a department of individuals will determine theier survival and advancement.
to ensure that performance at all levels is at a satisfactory level,management is vested with authority to plan organise direct control and coordinate the activities of others this implies that managers hold position which are superior in status to thier subordinates even such authority is not distributed evenly among all managers at the top opositions have greater authority than those below the subordinates in the hierarchy of authority have to comply with the decision of thier superiors or else leave the organisation.
managerial authority should be excersised properly and correctly this requires well defined of commerical and delegations of suitable authority and assignment of responsibility at all levels of decicion making unless there is proper balance between authority and responsibility at each level of decision making the organisation may not succeed in the task of accomplishment of a objectives.
to ensure that performance at all levels is at a satisfactory level,management is vested with authority to plan organise direct control and coordinate the activities of others this implies that managers hold position which are superior in status to thier subordinates even such authority is not distributed evenly among all managers at the top opositions have greater authority than those below the subordinates in the hierarchy of authority have to comply with the decision of thier superiors or else leave the organisation.
managerial authority should be excersised properly and correctly this requires well defined of commerical and delegations of suitable authority and assignment of responsibility at all levels of decicion making unless there is proper balance between authority and responsibility at each level of decision making the organisation may not succeed in the task of accomplishment of a objectives.
Accomplishment of group goals:
Management is concerned with conversion of diverse resourse people machines matrieal money time and space into a useful enterprise success a business enterprise depends on three importnt factors are how efficiently and efficiently it has used its human and physical resoces and how efficively it has adapted the enterprise to the prevailing business environment needs and desire of customers polices of competitors and economic social and political situation of the country and how far the existing business polices have succeeded in realising the aims and objectives of the business.
This calls for action on three fronts first of all it requires sound resources planning in connection with which management is required to make account forecasts about the availability of present and future human and physical resources for the accomplishment of its objectives is based on the availability of resources and the rassemblimg and organisation of resources will have to take into account the objectives.But since there is a limit to availability resources, management always keeps itself ready with alternative sets of objectives and plans.
Even plentiful availability of rsources is no guarntiee trouble free accomplishment of the objectives there may be uncontrolled changes in tasks and fashions entry of new compitotors or change in the sales or production methods of the existing competitors.
This calls for action on three fronts first of all it requires sound resources planning in connection with which management is required to make account forecasts about the availability of present and future human and physical resources for the accomplishment of its objectives is based on the availability of resources and the rassemblimg and organisation of resources will have to take into account the objectives.But since there is a limit to availability resources, management always keeps itself ready with alternative sets of objectives and plans.
Even plentiful availability of rsources is no guarntiee trouble free accomplishment of the objectives there may be uncontrolled changes in tasks and fashions entry of new compitotors or change in the sales or production methods of the existing competitors.
business management as a process:
A process means a systematic way of doing things.managament is described as a process because all managers, irrespective of thier indiviuals abilities and apptitudes,engage themselves in inter-related activities with a view to accomplishment of thier desired goals.
They convert diverse resources of people machines materials money time and space into a useful production enterprise integration of unrelated resources into a total system of objectives accomplishment is reffered to as that process of management.
planning is a management is concerned with planning of the goals to be achieved and the ways and means of achieving them. In this sense planning involves thinking castels in the air.It is a rational activity based on the capacity and capability of rorganisational resources, and how they are to be harnessed in the purpose of accomplishment of the started goals.
Organising it is concerned with marshalling the human and other resorces of the organisation for the purpose of accomplishment of the started goals.An organisation may have plenty of resources and yet it may not be able to use them efficively so as to accomplish its goals due to lack of proper organisation thus the sucess of any organisation depends on how well it can coordinate the verious at its desposal.
They convert diverse resources of people machines materials money time and space into a useful production enterprise integration of unrelated resources into a total system of objectives accomplishment is reffered to as that process of management.
planning is a management is concerned with planning of the goals to be achieved and the ways and means of achieving them. In this sense planning involves thinking castels in the air.It is a rational activity based on the capacity and capability of rorganisational resources, and how they are to be harnessed in the purpose of accomplishment of the started goals.
Organising it is concerned with marshalling the human and other resorces of the organisation for the purpose of accomplishment of the started goals.An organisation may have plenty of resources and yet it may not be able to use them efficively so as to accomplish its goals due to lack of proper organisation thus the sucess of any organisation depends on how well it can coordinate the verious at its desposal.
Business management as a group:
It should be remembered that management is only an idea as such without physical existence.Like science or goverment,it is an abstraction.But people who carry out management activities and functions are not abstraction the are human beings endowed with ability to lead and motivate and to bring out the hiden capabilites.
The management of a limited company is the board of directors,consisting of both executive and nonexecutive direstors. the execcutive directors assist in formulating policies with the other members of the board but htey also have day to day responsiblity for efficient management of the affairs of the company.They do so with the help of thier subornites who are called functional managers such as production manager sales manager personnal manager and so on. The functional managers are assigned specific duties and are delegated neccesary authority to carry out thier duties.The functional managers on thier part have thier own subordinates who are assigned duties of specific area or functions and who report to thier resective functional managers.
It may be said that all those who direct the work of others are part of management.But there mayalso be some managers who may not direct the work of others and yet be a part of management.
The management of a limited company is the board of directors,consisting of both executive and nonexecutive direstors. the execcutive directors assist in formulating policies with the other members of the board but htey also have day to day responsiblity for efficient management of the affairs of the company.They do so with the help of thier subornites who are called functional managers such as production manager sales manager personnal manager and so on. The functional managers are assigned specific duties and are delegated neccesary authority to carry out thier duties.The functional managers on thier part have thier own subordinates who are assigned duties of specific area or functions and who report to thier resective functional managers.
It may be said that all those who direct the work of others are part of management.But there mayalso be some managers who may not direct the work of others and yet be a part of management.
business management as an activity:
Managament is basically concerned with getting things done with and through other people. The ultimate responsibility of accomplishment of the organisational objectives belongs to management.This entails the performance of several tasks, such as production of goods and services marketing financing personnel administration security and so on.These tasks cannot be performed by a single individual or a small group of indiviuals others have neccessarily to be involved in the carring out of these tasks.
The others whose involvement is vital to the accomplishment of managament goals will include the personnal working in the organisation itself and outsiders such as customers suppliers creditors trade union leaders goverment officals and so on.
inside the organisation management is concerned with creating a suitable enviroment such that the personal working in it may be enabled to carry out production marketing and sundry other activities employees of an organisation are its supreme asset and they can perform only when management provides them efficetive asistance guidance and motivation. this will necessitate creation of a suitable technological and socio phychological environment will promote job maturity among the workers.
The others whose involvement is vital to the accomplishment of managament goals will include the personnal working in the organisation itself and outsiders such as customers suppliers creditors trade union leaders goverment officals and so on.
inside the organisation management is concerned with creating a suitable enviroment such that the personal working in it may be enabled to carry out production marketing and sundry other activities employees of an organisation are its supreme asset and they can perform only when management provides them efficetive asistance guidance and motivation. this will necessitate creation of a suitable technological and socio phychological environment will promote job maturity among the workers.
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